Comprehensive Review on Biomaterials and Their Inherent Behaviors for Hip Repair Applications.

Developing biomaterials for hip prostheses is challenging and requires dedicated attention from researchers. Hip replacement is an inevitable and remarkable orthopedic therapy for enhancing the quality of patient life for those who have arthritis as well as trauma. Generally, five types of hip replacement procedures are successfully performed in the current medical market: total hip replacements, hip resurfacing, hemiarthroplasty, bipolar, and dual mobility systems. The average life span of artificial hip joints is about 15 years, and several studies have been conducted over the last 60 years to improve the performance and thereby increase the lifespan of artificial hip joints. Present-day prosthetic hip joints are linked to the wide availability of biomaterials. Metals, ceramics, and polymers are some of the most promising types of biomaterials; nevertheless, each biomaterial has advantages and disadvantages. Metals and ceramics fail in most applications owing to stress shielding and the emission of wear debris; ongoing research is being carried out to find a remedy to these unfavorable responses. Recent research found that polymers and composites based on polymers are significant alternative materials for artificial joints. With growing research and several biomaterials, recent reviews lag in effectively addressing hip implant materials' individual mechanical, tribological, and physiological behaviors. This Review comprehensively investigates the historical evolution of artificial hip replacement procedures and related biomaterials' mechanical, tribological, and biological characteristics. In addition, the most recent advances are also discussed to stimulate and guide future researchers as they seek more effective methods and synthesis of innovative biomaterials for hip arthroplasty application.

Inferences on the effects of geometries and heat transfer fluids in multi-cavity solar receivers by using CFD.

This paper discusses about the design and analysis of a novel multi-cavity tubular receiver developed for small- and medium-scale concentrated solar power applications from the existing basic baffle-plated volumetric receiver model which is used in large-scale applications. The design and analysis work has been completed to enhance the thermal performance of cavity receivers for the average solar power input of 12 kW with a dish concentrator of 15 m2 aperture area. This was carried out by replacing the baffle plates from the conventional basic volumetric receiver with multi-cavity tubes, keeping the heat transfer area as constant. The tubular arrangement improves the flow and heat transfer characteristics through minimized pressure drop. The receiver models with aluminum, copper, and silicon carbide materials have been analyzed using commercially available CFD software ANSYS-FLUENT for different flow rates of air and water. The computational analysis reveals that the thermal performance of a modified multi-cavity tubular receiver model made up of SiC material is better than receiver model with aluminum and copper materials. The maximum energy efficiency of 21.11% and 75.81% are achieved by the heat transfer fluids air and water, respectively. The maximum efficiency is achieved at the flow rate of 1.35 l/min and 0.9 l/min for the heat transfer fluids air and water, respectively. The study concludes that the multi-cavity tubular configurations may be well suited for small-scale CSP applications than the volumetric receivers with foams, rods, honeycomb, and baffle-plated structures.